Double exposure, also called multi-exposure, is a special approach in photo art and cinematography. Its principle implies that one and the same photo is on display several times.
One more example of double exposure is the portrait of Richard Mansfield as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1895
In order to get double exposure, at the dawn of photo art the photographer had to take two photos without backwinding the film. Often the double exposure was achieved accidentally, due to negligence. In modern digital photography, for achieving the effect of double exposure it is only required to have the necessary photos and some Photoshop skills.
Some examples of double exposure in photo art:
Francesco Paleari
Brad Hammonds
Miki Takashi
Florian Imgrund
Apart from photo art, the double exposure effect is nowadays gaining momentum in music videos and cinematography.
Some examples:
The Peach Kings - «Be Around» https://vimeo.com/85847275
Pianoboy – “The sorrow can hardly be heard” («Горя чуть слышно») https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AqjgLwd-hE
Taylor Swift — Style https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CmadmM5cOk
Sóley - I'll drown https://vimeo.com/49750336
DATAPANIK — Road https://vimeo.com/117940196
Monarchy - «The Beautiful Ones» https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VdbWizyqIk
And, finally, we would like to mention the true double exposure masterpiece – opening titles to True Detective series: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRPpCqXYoos